References - Control

ALBERTI, R. & EMMONS, M. (1970). Your Perfect Right. Impact Publishers.

BEHUNIAK, P., Jr. (1981). A longitudinal study of self-concept and locus of control for persisters in six college majors. ERQ. 6, 1, 3-12.

BELCASTRO, F.P. (1979). Personality and interest characteristics of completers and noncompleters of a secondary teacher preparation program. College Student Journal, 13.1, 73-76.

FAUNCE, P.S. (1973). The effect of personality characteristics of high, middle, and low ability students on college persistence. Final report. (ERIC Document Reproductions Service No. ED083503).

LANGER, E.J. (1983). The Psychology of Control. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

ROTTER, J. (1969). Generalized expectations for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological monographs, 1, (Whole No. 609).

TOMALA, G. (1981). A longitudinal study of locus of control for male and female persisters and dropouts in four year colleges. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (Los Angeles, CA, April 13-17). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED201273.)

References - Competition

ASTIN, A. (1962). Influences on the student's motivation to seek advanced training: Another look. Journal of Educational Psychology, 53, 303-309.

ASTIN. A.W. (1977) four critical years. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

BRAWER. F.B. (1973). A comparison of the personality characteristics of community college student dropouts and persisters. (ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service. No. ED083980).

BROPHY, D.A. (1986). Follow-up study of the Fall 1984 Sierra College dropouts. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED277420).

CESA, T.A. (1980). Undergraduate leavers and persisters at Berkeley: results of a telephone survey conducted in spring 1979. Based on a speech presented at the Annual Conference of the California Association for Institutional Reserach (10th). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED187294).

COHEN, A.M. (1970). Student characteristics: personality and dropout propensity. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED038130).

DEBOER, G.E. (1985). Characteristics of male and female students who experienced success or failure in their first college science course. Journal of Research in Science Teachers, 22, 2, 153-62.

DOLLAR, R.J. (1970). Interpersonal values and college persistence. Journal of College Student Personnel, 11, 200-202.

FOX, J.A. (1975). Non-intellective factors in the prediction of academic success of urban college freshmen. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED124637).

HUTCHISON, J.E. (1980). Identifying persisters, voluntary withdrawers and academic dropouts at a liberal arts college. NASPA Journal, 18, 2, 41-45.

KIEVIT, M.B. (1970). Expectations for learning environments and personality factors of students compared to dropouts from two-year institutions. Paper presented at the 1971 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, February 4-7, 1971, New York, New York (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED047667).

LAVIN, D. The prediction of academic performance. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1965.

LOKITZ, B.D., Sprandel, H. (1976), The first year: A look at the freshman experience. Journal of College Student Personnel, 17, 274-279.

LUEPTOW, L.B. (1973). Need for achievement and continuation in college, Psychological Reports, 33, 2, 455-458.

LYON, M.A. & MacDonald, N.T. (1990), Academic self-concept as a predictor of achievement for a sample of elementary school students. Psychological Reports, 66, 1135-1142.

MAUDEL, G.R. & Others (1974). A multivariate study of personality and academic factors in college attrition. Journal of Counseling Psychology 21, 6, 560-567 McMAMMON, W., Jr. (1965). The use of nonintellectual variables in predicting attrition of academically capable students at the University of Tennessee. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. U. of Tennessee.

PACE, C.R. (1982). Achievement and the quality of student effort. Report prepared for the National Commission on Excellence in Education: Los Angeles: High Education.

PANDY, R.E. (1972). Personality characteristics of successful, dropout, and probationary black and white university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology 19, 5, 382-386.

PERVIN, L., Reik. L., & Dalrymple, W. (1966). The college dropout and the utilization of talent. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

PLATT, C. (1988). Effects of causal attributions for success on first-term college performance: a covariance structure model. Journal of Educational Psychology 80, 4, 569-78.

ROWE, F.A. (1992). Relationship of nonintellectual variables to student retention for office occupation majors in the community college, Community/Junior College Quarterly of Research and Practice, 16, 3, 271-78.

SHAFFER, G.S. (1981). Use of a biographical questionnaire in the early identification of college dropouts. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association (27th, Atlanta, GA, March 25-28, 1981). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED208288).

SIMPSON, C. & Others (1977). A dropout is a dropout is a dropout...A comparison of four different types of university dropouts. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED153543).

SMITH, A.D. (1981). Two-and four-year college student attrition research to the 1980?s: a review. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED264300).

SMITH, D.G. (1976). Personality differences between persisters and withdrawers in a small women?s college. Research in Higher Education, 5, 1, 15-25.)

SPADY, W. (1971). Dropouts from higher education: Toward an empirical model. Interchange, 2, 48-62.

STEWARD, R.J. (1989). Academic persistence and Black university students' perceived personal competencies. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED304512).

TINTO, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45, 89-125.

TRENT, J.S. & Medsker, L. (1968). Beyond high school: A psycho-sociological study of 10,000 high school graduates. San Francisco; Jossey-Bass.

TRENT, J., & Ruyle, (1965). Variations, flow and patterns of college attendance. College and University, 41, 61-76.

TRIPPI, J. & Stewart, J.B. (1989). The relationship between self-appraisal variables and the college grade performance and persistence of Black freshmen. Journal of College Student Development, 30, 484-491.

TWEDDALE, R.B. (1977). Non-returning students: A year-long perspective. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED156015).

TWEDDALE, R.B. (1978). Attendance patterns of non-graduating students: Fall 1975 to Fall 1977. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED156017).

TWEDDALE, R.B. (1978). The non-returning student: why do they leave and will they return? (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED156023).

References - Task Precision

ALLEN, R. (1983). Research on Changes in Intellectual Development and Critical thinking Ability. (Grant No. 801-26487)

ASTIN, A. W. (1985) Achieving Educational Excellence. Jossey-Bass CROWN, S., Lucas, C.J., and Segeramaniam, S. (1973). The delineation and measurement of study difficulty in university students. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, p. 383.

GIGLIOTTI, R.J. (1988). Academic success expectancy: The interplay of gender, situation, and meaning. Research in Higher Education, 29, 4, 281-97.

NICHOLSON, E. (1973). Predictors of graduation from college. ACT Research Report, 56. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program.

WRIGHT, J. E. (1983). Learning to learn in higher education. London: Helm, Ltd.

References - Expectations

ALMQUIST, E., & Angrist, S. (1970). Career salience and atypicality of occupational choice among college women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 32, 242-249.

BOLLES, R.N. (1971- ). What color is your parachute? Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press

BROWN, R.C. Jr. (1967). The factor structure of variables used in the prediction of performance of college students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Paper presented at the meeting of Educational Research Association of New York State (November 24, 2967). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED024717).

BYNUM, J.E. (1983). Dropouts. Stopouts and Persisters: The Effects of Race and Sex Composition of College Classes. College and University, 59, 1, 39-48.

CARNEY, M. (1981). Female college persisters: nontraditional versus traditional career fields. Journal of College Student Personnel, 22, 5, 418-23.

COHEN, A.M. (1969). The relationships among student characteristics, changed instructional practices and student attrition in junior college. Final Report. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED032074).

COLES, H.W., III (1981). College student perceptions four year follow-up: 1973-77, characteristics of freshmen associated with retention. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED200125).

DARLRY, J.G. (1962). Promise and performance: A study of ability and achievement in higher education. Berkeley, California: University of California, Center for the study of Higher Education.

DWINELI, P.L., & Higbee, J.L. (1990). The relationship of affective variables to studetn performance: Research findings. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the National Association for Developmental Education, Cincinnati, OH. (ERIC Document production Service No. ED304614).

HALL, L.H. (1969). Selective variables in the academic achievement of junior college students from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Journal of Educational Research, 63, 2, 60-62.

HELLER, B.R. (1982). Persisters and nonpersisters: critical characteristics affecting retention among city University of New York community college career program students. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED217949).

LUNNEBORG, A.E., & Lunneborg, P.W. (1976). Characteristics of university graduates who were community college transfers. Journal of College Student Personnel, 17, 61-65.

TIEDEMAN, D., & O?Hara, R. (1963). Career development: Choice and adjustment, Princeton, N.J. College Entrance Examination Board.

ZALESKI, Zbigniew (1988). Attributions and Emotions Related to Future Goal Attainment, Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 4, 563-68.

References - Wellness

ANDREWS, F. & Withey, S. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: American perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.

ARCHER, J., Lamin, A. (1985), An investigation of personal and academic stressors on college campuses. Journal of College Student Personnel, 26, 210-215.

BENSON, Herbert. (1976). Your innate asset for combating stress. Harvard Business Review, supplement. "Stress Success and Survival."

BLOOM, B.L. (1974), Psychology stress in the campus community. New York: Behavioral Publications.

BORDUA, D.J. (1960). Educational aspirations and parental stress on college. Social Forces. 3, 262-269.

CHAPLIN, T., (1989). The relationship of trait anxiety and academic performance of achievement anxiety: students at risk. Journal of College Student Development, Vol. 30, 229-236.

MOLLOY, J.T. (1978). Dress for success. New York: Warner Books.

GRACE, H. (1957). Personality factors and college attrition. Peabody Journal of Education, 35, 36-40.

HALLBERG, E., Levitt, H., & Hallberg, K. (1984). Getting Into Overtime: Fourteen days to life extension. Ombudsman Press, Inc.

HALLBERG, E., Hallberg K. (1979). Managing You as a Corporation. Ombudsman Press, Inc.

HALLBERG, E., Hallberg, K. (1984). Stress Schedule. Ombudsman Press, Inc.

HERNDON, S. (1984). Factors that differentiate between persisters and dropouts among recipients of financial aid. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25, 4, 367-68.

KELLER, Mark. (1976). ?The costs of alcohol?, Encyclopedia Britannica.

KIRKLAND, K., Holandsworth, J. (1979). Test anxiety, study skills, and academic performance. Journal of College Student Personnel, Vol. 37, 221-223.

KREBS, R., & Liberty, P. A comparative study of three groups of withdrawal students on ten factor variables derived from 36 problem self-report inventory. Austin: Uiversity of Texas, 1971. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED052690.)

Los Angeles County Heart Association. (1980). Cardiovascular Diseases in Los Angeles. American Heart Association, p. 12.

NEWMAN, J., Fuqua, D., Seaworth, T. (1989), The role of anxiety in career indecision: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. The Career Development Quarterly, 37, 221-223.

ROBERTS, G., White W., (1989). Health and stress in developmental college students. Journal of College Student Development, 30, 515-520.

SHARPLEY, C., Scuderi, C. (1990). The relationship between sex, age, and heart rate reactivity to a psychological stressor: implications for student stress management, Journal of College Student Development, 31, 262-269.

SPEILBERGER, C.D. (1962). The effects of manifest anxiety on the academic achievement of college students. Mental Hygiene, 46, 420-426.

TAYLOR, J.A., Spence, K.W. (1952). The relationship of anxiety level to performance in serial learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 2, 61-64.

Unpublished comments of executive managers in the auto industry. (1972).

Percentage separated or divorced by age, sex, and race in the United States.

U.S. Bureau of the Census.

WILLIAMS, J.M., Decker, T.W., Libassi, A. (1983). The impact of stress management training on the academic performance of low-achieving college student. Journal of College Student Personnel, 494-494.

References - Time Management

BETZ, E.L., Klingensmith, J.E., & Menne, L.W. (1970). The measurement and analysis of college student satisfaction. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance. 3, 110-118.

DOLE, A.A. (1959). College students report on their use of time. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 37, 633-637.

GOLDSMITH, A.G. & Crawford, C.C. (1978). How college students spend their time. School and Society, 27, 399-402.

KOWALSKI, C.J. (1982). College dropouts: some research findings. Psychology: A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 19, 2/3, 45-54.

LANDIA, H.L. (1964). Dissonance between student and college variables as related to success and satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, the Pennsylvania State University, 1963). Dissertation Abstracts International, 35, 1047.

MANDAL, G.R., Butcher, N.N., and Manager, P.A. (1974). A multivariate study of personality and academic factors in college attrition. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 21, 560-567.

MILLER, D.M. (1969). Achiever personality and academic success among disadvantaged college students. Journal of Social Issues. 25, 3, 103-116.

MILLER, T.K., & Winston, R.B., Jr. (1990). Assessing students? psychosocial development. In D.G. Creamer (Ed.), Student development and higher education: Theory and assessment (Vol. 2). Alexandria, VA: American College Personnel Association.

NANNINI, D., Hallberg, E. & Sauer, L. (1988). Stress in high achieving university freshmen. Unpublished Study, California State University, Los Angeles.

PASCARRELLA, E.T., & Terenzini, P.T. (1983). Predicting voluntary freshman year persistence/withdrawal behavior in a residential university: A path analytic validation of Tinto's model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 215-226.

REZIER, A.G. (1975). Personality correlates of persistent high and low achievers. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 39, 3, 236-38.

RICE, G.A. (1969). A contract between the "successful" and "dropout" student at Yakima Valley College. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 030416).

SCHMELZER, R., Brozo, W., & Thurber, R. (1982). Differential study skills of successful and failing university students. Journal of Learning Skills, 2, 29-35.

TRIPPI, J., & Cheatham, H.E. (1989). Effects of special counseling programs for Black freshmen on a predominately White campus. Journal of College Student Development, 30, 35-40.

References - College Involvement

AINSWORTH, C., & Maynard, D. (1976). The impact of roommate personality on achievement: An exploratory study and model of analysis. Research in Higher Education, 4, 291-301.

ALBERTI, R. (1972). Influence of the faculty on college student development. Journal of College Student Personnel, 13, 18-23.

ASTIN, A. (1969d), Comment on "A student's dilemma: Big fish-little pond or little fish-big pond." Journal of Counseling Psychology, 16, 20-22.

ASTIN, A.W. (1975). Preventing students from dropping out. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

ASTIN, A.W. (1968). The college environment. Washington D.C.; American Council on Education.

ASTIN, A. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25, 297-308.

ASTIN, A. (1965a), Classroom environment in different fields of study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 56, 275-282.

CENTRA, J., & Rock, D. (1971). College environments and student achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 8, 623-634.

NELSON, A.G. (1966). College characteristics associated with freshmen attrition. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 44, 1046-1050.

PASCARELLA, E.T., & Terenzini, P.T. (1977). Patterns of student-faculty informal interaction beyond the classroom and voluntary freshman attrition. Journal of Higher Education. 48, 520-522.

UHL, N.P. & Others (1981). Personality Type and Congruence with Environment: Their Relationship to College Attrition and Changing of Major. AIR Forum 1981 Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research (21st. Minneapolis, MN, May 17-20, 1981). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED205130).

WATLEY, D.J. (1965). The Minnesota Counseling Inventory and persistence in an institute. Savicki, V., Schumer, H., and Stanfield, R.E. Student role orientations and college dropouts. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 12, 94-97.

WEIGEL, M. (1969). A Comparison of Persisters and Non-Persisters in a Junior College. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED044115).

WHITE, J. (1971). Individual and environmental factors associated with freshman attrition at a multi-campus community college. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The George Washington University.

References - Family Involvement

ASTIN, A. (1975b). Preventing students from dropping out. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

BAKER, D., & Stevenson, D. (1986). Mother?s strategies for school achievement: Managing the transition to high school. Sociology of Education, 59, 156-167.

CHAPMAN, D. & Hutcheson, S. (1977). Attitudes of students, parents, and school personnel toward college courses: A discriminant analysis. Journal of College Student Personnel. 18, 496-500.

COHEN, E.G. (1965). Parental factors in educational mobility. Sociology of Education, 38, 404-426.

HALLBERG, E.C. & Hallberg, K.L. (1998). Holding Hands Again, Ombudsman Press, Inc.

HIGBEE, J.L., & Dwineil, P.L. (1989, March). A counseling course for developmental studies freshmen. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the National Association for Developmental Education, Cincinnati, OH. (ERIC Reproduction Service No. ED305832).

KANDEL, D.B. (1969). Parental and peer influences on educational plans of adolescents. American Sociological Review, 34, 213-223.

LEUNG, J.J., Wright, B.W., & Stephen, F.F. (1987). Perceived parental influence and adolscent post-secondary career plans. The High School Journal, 70, (4), 173-179.

MAJORIBANKS, K. (1979), Families and their learning environment. London: Routledge & Keagan Paul.

MINS, G.L. (1978). Educational aspiration, parental influence, and academic success of opportunity-program students. Journal of nonwhite concerns in personal & guidance, 7(1), 34-40.

MOORE, B. (1985). A longitudinal/panel study of persisting and nonpersisting rural minority college students. Part 1: freshman uninterrupted enrollees, transfers, and dropouts. Research Bulletin No. 47. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED282493).

MOOS, R.H., & Moss, B.S. (1981). Family environment scale manual. Palo Alto, CA: Counsulting Psychologist Press.

NICHOLSON, E. (1973). Predictors of graduation from college. ACT Research Report. 1973, 56. Iowa City, Iowa: American College Testing Program.

REHBERG, R.A., & Westby, D.L. (1967). Parental encouragement, occupation, education and family size: Artifactual or independent determinants of adolscent educational expectations' Social Forces, 45, 362-374.

REIFMAN, A., Dunkel-Schetter, C., (1990), Stress, structural social support, and well-being in university student. College Health, 38, 271-277.

SEWELL, S.H., & Shan, V.P. (1968). Social class, parental encouragement, and educational aspirations. American Journal of Sociology, 73, 559-572.

WINSTON, R.T., Jr., Miller, T.K., L. Prince, J.S. (1979). Assessing student developments. A preliminary manual for the Student Development Task Inventory (Rev. 2nd Ed.) and the Student Developmental Profile and Planning Record. Athens, GA: Student Developmental Associates.